Human Health And Diseases

Interferons are proteins produced and released by virus-infected cells as part of the immune response. They help protect uninfected cells by signaling them to enhance their antiviral defenses, thereby interfering with the replication of viruses.

The SARS-CoV2 virus has single stranded RNA (ssRNA) as its genetic material, which allows it to mutate rapidly.

In eukaryotes, the process of splicing is necessary to convert heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) into mature mRNA, which is then ready for translation. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium protozoa, a type of eukaryotic organism (specifically, a protist). Therefore, the hnRNA of Plasmodium undergoes splicing. In contrast, the other diseases mentioned are caused by bacteria, which are prokaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes do not perform splicing because their RNA does not contain introns that need to be removed to form mature mRNA.

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy. The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called allergens.Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to accumulation of urea in blood, a condition called uremia, which is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure.Myasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.Over-secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to gigantism and low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting in pituitary dwarfism. Excess secretion of growth hormone in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called Acromegaly, which may lead to serious complications, and premature death if unchecked.

The routine serological test for typhoid fever is the Widal test (Option D).• It detects agglutinating antibodies (O- and H-antigens) against Salmonella typhi in the patient’s serum.• Although rapid and inexpensive, its results should be interpreted alongside clinical findings and, if available, blood cultures for confirmation.